“多管齐下,方能解忧”——对改善城市交通环境的思索

结合时代特征,从当前城市交通矛盾的两个主要方面——交通需求和交通供给展开分析,以解决目前特大、大型城市交通拥堵问题。     

基于进化博弈的城市中心区交通拥堵收费分析

交通拥堵收费是解决道路拥堵问题的有效措施。假设使用小汽车到达拥挤收费区域边界的出行者可通过2种方式到达拥挤收费中心区：小汽车直达及停车换乘公共交通（P＆R）。对于出行者甲（对小汽车出行需求偏刚性）、乙（对小汽车出行需求偏弹性）,采用进化博弈的方法,建立效益矩阵,分析在不同政府定价条件下两者出行方式选择行为的演化模型。结果表明,政府交通拥堵收费对出行者出行方式选择行为的演化起着重要作用,不同的定价区间会使得出行方式向不同的稳定状态演变。分析各种定价区间下出行者出行方式选择行为。     

Path flow estimator for planning applications in small communities

This paper presents an alternative planning framework to model and forecast network traffic for planning applications in small communities, where limited resources debilitate the development and applications of the conventional four-step travel demand forecasting model. The core idea is to use the Path Flow Estimator (PFE) to estimate current and forecast future traffic demand while taking into account of various field and planning data as modeling constraints. Specifically, two versions of PFE are developed: a base year PFE for estimating the current network traffic conditions using field data and planning data, if available, and a future year PFE for predicting future network traffic conditions using forecast planning data and the estimated base year origin–destination trip table as constraints. In the absence of travel survey data, the proposed method uses similar data (traffic counts and land use data) as a four-step model for model development and calibration. Since the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) trip generation rates and Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) are both utilized in the modeling process, the analysis scope and results are consistent with those of common traffic impact studies and other short-range, localized transportation improvement programs. Solution algorithms are also developed to solve the two PFE models and integrated into a GIS-based software called Visual PFE. For proof of concept, two case studies in northern California are performed to demonstrate how the tool can be used in practice. The first case study is a small community of St. Helena, where the city’s planning department has neither an existing travel demand model nor the budget for developing a full four-step model. The second case study is in the city of Eureka, where there is a four-step model developed for the Humboldt County that can be used for comparison. The results show that the proposed approach is applicable for small communities with limited resources.     

A study on smart parking guidance algorithm

Parking problem becomes one of major issues in the city transportation management since the spatial resource of a city is limited and the parking cost is expensive. Lots of cars on the road should spend unnecessary time and consume energy during searching for parking due to limited parking space. To cope with these limitations and give more intelligent solutions to drivers in the selection of parking facility, this study proposes a smart parking guidance algorithm. The proposed algorithm supports drivers to find the most appropriate parking facility considering real-time status of parking facilities in a city. To suggest the most suitable parking facility, several factors such as driving distance to the guided parking facility, walking distance from the guided parking facility to destination, expected parking cost, and traffic congestion due to parking guidance, are considered in the proposed algorithm. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, simulation tests have been carried out. The proposed algorithm helps to maximize the utilization of space resources of a city, and reduce unnecessary energy consumption and CO₂ emission of wandering cars since it is designed to control the utilization of parking facility efficiently and reduce traffic congestion due to parking space search.     

基于神经网络的道路通行能力与交通需求匹配度判别研究

交通的供需是否匹配关系到城市和枢纽的发展前景。文中在探讨道路通行能力与需求匹配特性的基础上,用BP神经网络理论建立一种交通匹配预测模型。该模型发挥神经网络的优势,对数据并行处理和分布存储,通过训练、学习产生一个非线性映射,自适应地对数据进行预测。通过相关数据实验证明,该神经网络模型有较高的精度,并有较好的适用性。     

简化的能力谱方法在桥梁结构中的应用

为研究简化的能力谱方法的计算精度,通过一座连续桥梁的实际算例,给出简化能力谱方法的具体应用过程。建立简化横向单墩计算模型,用SAP2000有限元程序对模型进行推导分析,得到能力谱曲线;将三条不同地震记录对应的反应谱曲线转化为ADRS格式的需求谱曲线,并与得到的能力谱曲线绘于同一坐标系下,两种曲线的交点即为结构在相应地震动下的弹性响应,继而求得结构相应的非弹性响应。用非线性时程分析方法对同一计算模型及三条地震动加速度纪录进行分析,与采用简化的能力谱方法下得到的计算结果进行比较,从中看出:简化的能力谱方法可以用较少的计算工作量得到比较精确的结构非线性响应;在该方法中采用 μ T关系式,会得到不同精度的计算结果。不同的Rμ     

基于土地利用的开发区交通需求预测模型研究及应用

该文提出了基于土地利用的开发区交通需求预测模型,并将其应用于实际规划工作。首先提出了基于土地利用的交通需求预测的体系框架,建立基于土地利用的居民出行生成预测模型,确定了用于出行分布预测的重力模型以及用于出行方式分担预测的距离竞争曲线模型,在此基础上,将所建立的模型应用于营口沿海产业基地的综合交通规划中,参考国内相关城市案例数据及营口老城区居民出行调查数据标定了上述模型中的参数,研究表明预测模型在开发区的交通规划中具有良好的应用效果。     

基于用地分析的公交站场布局规划研究

城市规模的不断扩大和城市化进程的加快使得大城市的交通问题日益突出,大力发展公共交通,是解决密集型大都市交通问题的有效办法。文章介绍广州市公交站场布局方法,分析存在问题的原因,为此类设施用地规划提供参考。